Background: Post-stroke fatigue during acute stroke persists long-term, affecting rehabilitation, daily activities, and quality of life. While sleep is a complex process potentially influencing post-stroke fatigue, their relationship remains unclear. We aimed in the acute stroke phase to a) describe fatigue and sleep using self-reported and objective sleep measures, b) describe sleep apnoea and c) explore associations between sleep measures and post-stroke fatigue.
Methods: A cross-sectional study examining Norwegian adults within 14 days of first ischemic stroke. Fatigue was assessed with the Fatigue Severity Scale. Self-reported sleep factors (Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index [PSQI], Epworth Sleepiness Scale) and objective WatchPAT measures (apnoea-hypopnea, sleep time, efficiency, REM/deep sleep) served as exposure variables. Multivariable regression models, adjusted for age, sex, modified Rankin Scale, and depression/anxiety symptoms, were used to examine associations between sleep and fatigue.
Results: Participants (n=107, mean age 65 (SD 14) years, n=65(61%) male) had a mean National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale score of 2.5 [SD 3.3], Fatigue Severity Scale score of 3.11 [SD 1.82], and n=71 (66%) had disturbed sleep (PSQI≥5). Mean total sleep time (n=81) was 7.04 [SD 1.46] hours and 54 (71%) had sleep apnoea. In the final model, only poor sleep quality (b=0.45, p=0.010) was associated with post-stroke fatigue; no other sleep factors, including sleep apnoea, were associated.
Conclusions: During acute stroke, over half of participants reported post-stroke fatigue and disturbed sleep, and two-thirds had sleep apnoea. Only sleep quality was associated with fatigue. Addressing sleep quality in the acute stroke phase may benefit post-stroke fatigue.